Ending food insecurity in Native communities means restoring land rights, handing back control

For Indigenous people in the U.S., food is^[1] considered a sacred gift^[2]. Healthy and bountiful produce is received when we care for the land.

Yet, with one in four Native Americans lacking reliable access^[3] to healthy foods and Indigenous peoples disproportionately affected by diet-related diseases^[4], something clearly isn’t working as it should.

As an expert on Indigenous health and food insecurity among Native populations^[5], I argue that the high rate of food insecurity and poor dietary health of Native Americans can be traced to the events that disrupted Indigenous people’s relationship with the land: colonization and^[6] the widespread theft of territory^[7] by white settlers. Any attempt to improve access to sufficient, nutritious foods today needs to focus on Indigenous food sovereignty^[8] and land justice^[9] – giving control and land back to Native communities to enable them to grow culturally appropriate, healthy produce and become self-sufficient.

A broken system

“A healthy food system is an indicator of a healthy community; one cannot exist without the other,” noted the Native Hawaiian activist Kamuela Enos^[10].

This view is increasingly being echoed^[11] by public health experts. Diet is the number one risk factor for preventable disease^[12] in the U.S. and is driven by a food system that comprises food production, access, marketing and individual dietary intake^[13].

Since the 1980s, an influx of fast food restaurants and convenience stores^[14] and an exodus of supermarkets in poorer neighborhoods across the U.S. have led to chronic disease^[15] disparities in low-income communities and racial minorities^[16]. This is especially true among the U.S.‘s Native population^[17].

American Indian and Alaska Native adults are 50% more likely to be obese and 30% more likely to suffer from hypertension compared to white Americans. They are also 50% more likely to be diagnosed with coronary heart disease, and three times more likely to have diabetes.

Native Americans also experience high rates of food insecurity^[18], meaning they don’t have enough food to live an active, healthy life.

In a study of a Northern Plains reservation in Montana^[19], 43% of tribal households were found to be food-insecure. In Oklahoma, more than 60% of American Indians surveyed were food-insecure^[20]. This compares with a national food insecurity rate of 11%^[21].

Structural, not short-term approaches

Government and social service organizations have tried to address food insecurity by promoting food banks^[22] or encouraging use of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program^[23], or SNAP, benefits.

But the limited existing^[24] research shows^[25] Indigenous communities are less likely than non-Native groups to use those services. This is due to a number of reasons including lack of access to places that accept SNAP or discriminatory practices such as being refused service at stores.

Meanwhile, public health efforts focused on encouraging healthy lifestyles – through eating more fruits and vegetables, for example – fail to acknowledge the systemic barriers that Native Americans face when it comes to accessing healthy, sustainable and traditional foods.

Feeding people is important, no doubt. But I believe it will never result in long-term health improvements in Native communities without looking and addressing the underlying roots of the problem.

Stolen land, forced removal

Indigenous people in the United States share a common deep ancestry^[26] and a contentious colonial history with the U.S. that resulted in land removal and confiscation^[27] on a massive scale.

The forced removal of Native people^[28] from their traditional homelands in the 19th century to often unfamiliar and barren reserves disrupted Indigenous food systems and diets.

For example, in my own Native population, Choctaw, a type of river cane, Arundinaria tecta, was used not only as a food source but also in medicine, for clothing, to build houses and to make baskets. In the places where my people were forced to move^[29], this species of river cane did not exist.

Moreover, Choctaw are an agricultural society, yet many portions of reservation lands where Choctaws were forcibly moved to were arid plains or flood zones – places that were not able to be farmed. As a result, many people starved to death.

[3 media outlets, 1 religion newsletter. Get stories from The Conversation, AP and RNS.^[30]]

This disruption was the impetus for the nutritional crisis seen today in Native communities. Forced removal was accompanied by a new reliance on government-issued foods for Native communities. From the earliest treaties with the U.S. government, Native Americans were promised food rations^[31]. This reliance continues today through the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations^[32], through which the U.S. Department of Agriculture provides canned and packaged foods to around 270 tribes with limited access to SNAP. It constitutes the primary food source for 60% of rural and reservation-based American Indians, but the foods tend to be high in fat and sugar^[33]. Fresh vegetables are rarely offered^[34].

Toward food sovereignty

To end reliance on government-provided foods, many Native communities are seeking a different approach: a return to traditional foods and practices^[35] that are healthy and culturally centered.

Indigenous food sovereignty – the right and responsibility of Indigenous people to produce healthy and culturally appropriate foods through traditional Indigenous food systems^[37] – has emerged as an important strategy to support Indigenous communities.

It involves Native communities taking greater control over their land and health^[38] and reducing dependence on packaged and fast foods and government-provided food.

For example, the Osage Nation in Oklahoma is supporting the development of sustainable agricultural practices that provide a sustainable source^[39] to increase their access to fresh vegetables, fruits and meat to their community.

“For us, food sovereignty means self-sufficiency,” explained^[40] Osage Nation’s Assistant Principal Chief Raymond Red Corn in an interview. “If we fed ourselves for thousands of years, I don’t know why we can’t feed ourselves now.”

References

1. ^{^} food is (doi.org)
2. ^{^} a sacred gift (hdl.handle.net)
3. ^{^} one in four Native Americans lacking reliable access (www.feedingamerica.org)
4. ^{^} disproportionately affected by diet-related diseases (minorityhealth.hhs.gov)
5. ^{^} expert on Indigenous health and food insecurity among Native populations (scholars.okstate.edu)
6. ^{^} colonization and (indiancountrytoday.com)
7. ^{^} the widespread theft of territory (theconversation.com)
8. ^{^} Indigenous food sovereignty (www.indigenousfoodsystems.org)
9. ^{^} land justice (knowledge.unccd.int)
10. ^{^} Kamuela Enos (onipaa.org)
11. ^{^} increasingly being echoed (doi.org)
12. ^{^} number one risk factor for preventable disease (minorityhealth.hhs.gov)
13. ^{^} food production, access, marketing and individual dietary intake (doi.org)
14. ^{^} influx of fast food restaurants and convenience stores (doi.org)
15. ^{^} chronic disease (doi.org)
16. ^{^} low-income communities and racial minorities (www.doi.org)
17. ^{^} among the U.S.‘s Native population (minorityhealth.hhs.gov)
18. ^{^} high rates of food insecurity (www.feedingamerica.org)
19. ^{^} study of a Northern Plains reservation in Montana (doi.org)
20. ^{^} more than 60% of American Indians surveyed were food-insecure (doi.org)
21. ^{^} national food insecurity rate of 11% (www.feedingamerica.org)
22. ^{^} food banks (theconversation.com)
23. ^{^} Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (theconversation.com)
24. ^{^} limited existing (doi.org)
25. ^{^} research shows (doi.org)
26. ^{^} share a common deep ancestry (doi.org)
27. ^{^} land removal and confiscation (www.dukeupress.edu)
28. ^{^} forced removal of Native people (www.loc.gov)
29. ^{^} were forced to move (www.nlm.nih.gov)
30. ^{^} Get stories from The Conversation, AP and RNS. (theconversation.com)
31. ^{^} Native Americans were promised food rations (doi.org)
32. ^{^} Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (www.fns.usda.gov)
33. ^{^} high in fat and sugar (doi.org)
34. ^{^} are rarely offered (aspe.hhs.gov)
35. ^{^} return to traditional foods and practices (ajph.aphapublications.org)
36. ^{^} AP Photo/Stacy Thacker (newsroom.ap.org)
37. ^{^} through traditional Indigenous food systems (www.canadianscholars.ca)
38. ^{^} taking greater control over their land and health (www.indigenousfoodsystems.org)
39. ^{^} that provide a sustainable source (www.ncai.org)
40. ^{^} explained (www.ncai.org)